Reduction objective for extreme ultraviolet lithography

ABSTRACT

A reduction objective, a projection exposure apparatus with a reduction objective, and a method of use thereof are disclosed. The reduction objective comprises four (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) mirrors in centered arrangement with respect to an optical axis. The primary mirror is a convex mirror and the second mirror has a positive angular magnification. The reduction objective has an obscuration-free light path and is suitable for annular field scanning operation, such as is used in soft X-ray, i.e. and EUV and UV, lithography.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a reduction objective, a projection exposure apparatus, and method of use thereof for exposing patterned information onto a reduced image plane for use in lithography applications, such as integrated circuit fabrication.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The desirability of creating lithography systems which operate with incident light wavelengths below 193 nm to achieve imaging structures or patterns with resolution below 130 nm has been established. In fact, there has been a need for lithography systems using soft X-ray, or so called extreme ultraviolet (EUV), wavelength incident light, such as λ=11 nm or λ=13 nm light, to obtain image resolution in the below 100 nm range. The resolution of a lithography system is described by the following equation:

RES=k ₁ λ/NA

where k₁ is a specific parameter of the lithography process, λ is the wavelength of the incident light and NA is the numerical aperture of the system on the image side. This equation can be used to establish design criteria for soft X-ray lithography systems. Thus, for a numerical aperture of 0.10, the imaging of 100 nm structures with 13 nm radiation requires a process with k₁=0.77. Alternatively, with k₁=0.64, which occurs with 11 nm radiation, imaging of 70 nm structures is possible with a numerical aperture of 0.10.

For lithography imaging systems in the soft X-ray region, multilayer coated reflective systems, such as Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) and mirrors, are used as optical components. These multilayer systems employ alternating layers of different indices of refraction. The particular multilayer reflective system depends on the wavelength of incident light used. For example, with incident light of λ=11 nm alternating layers of Mo/Be are preferred and with incident light of λ=13 nm Mo/Si layers are used. In the case of projection objectives used in soft X-ray or EUV microlithography, the reflectivity of these multilayer systems is approximately 70%. It is, therefore, desirable to use as few optical components in the projection objective as possible to ensure sufficient light intensity at the image. With high intensity light, four-mirror projection objective systems were found to be useful in correcting imaging errors at NA=0.10.

Other requirements for soft X-ray projection objectives, in addition to using a limited number of multilayer reflectors, relate to obscuration, image field curvature, distortion, telecentricity on both the image and the object side, free working distance, and aperture stop positioning and accessibility. Obscurations, for example the central obscuration apparent in Schwarzschild systems, create intolerable degradation in image quality. If an obscuration-free light path is required, then, in the case of centered systems, an off-axis image field must be used. In order to provide image formats of 26×34 mm² or 26×52 mm², it is advantageous to design the projection objective system as an annular field scanner. In such systems, the useful secant length of the scanning slit should be at least 26 mm, and the annular width should lie in the range of 0.5 mm to 2 mm in order to make uniform illumination and illumination-control and dose-control possible.

Regarding distortion, a distinction between static and dynamic or scan distortion is made. Scan distortion is the effective distortion which is obtained by integration of the static distortion over the scanning path. The limits for magnification-corrected, static distortion follow essentially from the specifications for contrast and CD variation.

Image-side telecentricity is also desired in soft X-ray lithography systems. Whether telecentricity is possible on the object side depends on the type of projection application used. If the projection system uses a reflection mask, then a telecentric optical path on the object side is not possible. If transmission masks, for example stencil masks, are used then a telecentric optical path on the object side can be realized.

In order to enable clean limitations of the beam, the aperture stop should be physically accessible. The image-side telecentricity requirement, referred to above, means that the entrance pupil of the last mirror would lie in or near its focal point. In order to obtain a compact design and maintain an accessible aperture stop, it is recommended that a beam-limiting element be placed before the last mirror. This, preferably, results in the place of the beam-limiting element at the third mirror.

Four-mirror projection or reduction objectives have become known from the following publications:

U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,629

EP 480,617

U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,586

EP 422,853

Donald W. Sweeney, Russ Hudyma, Henry N. Chapman, David Shafer, EUV optical Design for a 100 mm CD Imaging System, 23rd International Symposium of microlithography, SPIE, Santa Clara, Calif., Feb. 22-27, 1998, SPIE Vol. 3331, p. 2ff.

In U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,629, a four-mirror projection objective with NA=0.1, 4×, 31.25×0.5 mm² is claimed. The mirror sequence is concave, convex, concave, concave. From EP 480,617, two NA=0.1, 5×, 25×2 mm² systems have become known. The mirror sequence is concave, convex, arbitrary/convex, concave.

The systems according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,586 and EP 422,853 have a rectangular image field, for example, at least 5×5 mm², and use a mirror sequence of convex, concave, convex, concave. These generally decentered systems exhibit very high distortion values. Therefore, the objectives can only be used in steppers with distortion correction on the reticle. However, the high level of distortion makes such objectives impractical in the structural resolution regions discussed here (≦130 nm).

From U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,898, overall arbitrary three to five-multilayer mirror systems have become known. However, the disclosed embodiments all describe three-mirror systems with a rectangular field and small numerical aperture (NA<0.04). Therefore, the systems described therein can only image structures above 0.25 μm in length.

Furthermore, reference is made to T. Jewell: “Optical system design issues in development of projection camera for EUV lithography”, Proc. SPIE 2437 (1995) and the citations given there, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.

In the known systems according to EP 480,617 as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,629 and according to Sweeney, cited above, it was found to be disadvantageous that the outside-axially used part of the primary mirror conflicts with the wafer-side sensor structures of a projection exposure installation when not very large free mechanical working distances greater than 100 mm are realized. By using mirror segments which are placed “near the image field”, these conflicts occur only at significantly lower distances (≈10 mm).

Thus, it is desired from the prior art to provide a projection objective arrangement which is suitable for lithography with short wavelengths (at least below 193 nm and preferably below 100 nm) which does not have the disadvantages of the prior art mentioned above, uses as few optical elements as possible and, yet, has a sufficiently large aperture and fulfills the telecentricity requirements as well as all other requirements for a projection system operating with incident light of wavelengths below 193 nm.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the invention, the shortcomings of the prior art are overcome by using a reduction objective that includes four mirrors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) and is characterized by a convex primary mirror as well as by a positive chief ray angular magnification of the secondary mirror. Using this four-mirror system, high transmission efficiency is achieved at wavelengths in the soft X-ray and EUV region with a multilayer mirror system of 70% reflectivity and an aperture in the range of NA≈0.10. The four-mirror objective according to the invention is thus characterized by high resolution, low manufacturing costs and high throughput.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that an aperture stop lies on or near a mirror, especially on the tertiary mirror. In this embodiment, the aperture stop is physically accessible and the reduction objective is compact and free from vignetting. In a further embodiment, one or two additional mirrors with aspherical surfaces, as derived from a plane, are disposed between selected mirrors of the four-mirror system at grazing angle of incidence. In a further embodiment, at least one of the additional mirrors is an active mirror.

In another embodiment of the reduction objective of the invention, the secondary mirror and the quaternary mirror are concave. In still a further embodiment, the four-mirrors are arranged in the convex-concave-convex-concave sequence.

The asphericities discussed herein refer to the peak-to-peak or peak-to-valley (PV) deviation A of the aspherical surfaces in comparison to the best fitting sphere in the used region of the mirrors. In the embodiments of the invention discussed herein, these are approximated by a sphere, the center of which lies on the figure-axis of the mirror and the meridional plane of the aspherical element intersects in the upper and lower end point of the useful region. The data on the angles of incidence, as provided below in Table II, refer to the angle between the particular incident radiation and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence. The largest angle of incidence of a ray is established by a rim-ray at one of the mirrors.

Preferably, the optically free working distance on the wafer side is 60 mm and the free working distance on the reticle side is at least 100 mm.

As will be appreciated from this disclosure by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the objectives described above can be used not only for soft X-ray lithography, but for other wavelengths, both in the EUV range and outside of this range, without deviation from the invention. Nonetheless, the invention is preferably used at soft X-ray and EUV wavelengths in the region of 193 nm and below. Wavelengths within this range can be generated using excimer lasers.

In order to achieve a diffraction-limited system, it is preferred that the design part of the rms wave front section of the system is at most 0.07λ, and preferably 0.03λ. It is further preferred that the reduction objective is designed so that it is telecentric on the image side. In systems with a transmission mask, the projection objective is also designed to be telecentric on the object side. In projection systems which are operated with a reflection mask, a telecentric beam path without illumination over a beam splitter which reduces transmission greatly, such as is shown in JP-A-95/28 31 16, is not possible on the object side. Therefore, the chief ray angle in the reticle is chosen so that shading-free illumination, that is no obscuration, is possible. Overall, the telecentricity error on the wafer should not exceed 10 mrad, and preferably is in the 5 mrad to below 2 mrad range. This ensures that the change in the image scale or distortion lies within tolerable limits in the depth of field.

According to another aspect of the invention, the reduction objective is used with a mask and a soft X-ray or EUV exposure source, for example, in a projection exposure apparatus, such as those used in lithography for integrated circuit fabrication. In the embodiment, the projection exposure apparatus has a reflection mask and, in an alternative embodiment, it has a transmission mask.

The projection exposure apparatus is preferably designed as an annular-field scanner illuminating an off-axis annular field. Advantageously, it is provided that the secant length of the scanning slit is at least 26 mm and that the annular width is greater than 0.5 mm, so that uniform illumination is made possible.

Another advantage of the objective of the invention, is that the asphericity of the aspherical optical elements is small enough so that the system requirements of being “diffraction-limited” and having high reflectivity multilayer mirrors can be achieved, such that the resulting accuracy requirements on these surfaces in all spatial frequency regions from the free diameter of the mirror to atomic dimensions can be obeyed.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method of integrated circuit fabrication using a projection exposure apparatus including a reduction objective is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing a mask, providing a soft X-ray or EUV, illumination source, and providing four mirrors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) in centered arrangement with respect to an optical axis, wherein the primary mirror is a convex mirror and the secondary mirror has a positive angular magnification.

Traditionally, approximately 40 pairs of alternating Mo/Si DBR layers are used to create mirrors with high reflectivity of 13 nm wavelength incident light. Similarly, high reflectivity of 11 nm wavelength radiation, requires approximately 70 pairs of Mo/Be alternating layers. By using large numbers of DBR layers, the acceptance angle of mirrors and thus their objective systems is only a few degrees and decreases with increasing angle of incidence. Furthermore, with this increasing angle of incidence, detrimental phase effects can occur. If the test-point-related mean angle of incidence varies greatly over a system surface, then layer packets with changing thickness must be applied. These disadvantages of existing multilayer mirror objective systems are reduced in the present invention in which the objectives have a low mean angle of incidence and a low surface-specific variation around the mean angle of incidence.

The invention will be explained below with the aid of drawings depicting the preferred embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the system classification used in the invention.

FIG. 2 is a lens cross-section of a first four-mirror system (type-e system) according to the prior art.

FIG. 3 is a lens cross-section of a four-mirror system (type-f system) according to the invention.

FIG. 4 is a lens cross-section of another four-mirror system (type-g system) according to the invention.

FIG. 5 is a four-mirror system of type-f with an introduced grazing-incidence mirror according to the invention.

FIG. 6 is a depiction of a four-mirror reduction objective that is telecentric on the object side and used with a transmission mask.

FIG. 7 is a depiction of a four-mirror reduction objective that is telecentric on the object side and used with a reflection mask.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The practical examples identified in FIGS. 2-5 are centered reduction systems, telecentric on the image side, with an aperture stop (indicated by AS in FIG. 4, for example) at the third mirror M3. In all systems, the same reference numbers are used for the same components and the following nomenclature is employed:

first (primary) mirror (M1), second (secondary) mirror (M2),

third (tertiary) mirror (M3), fourth (quaternary) mirror (M4).

Reduction objectives used in lithography are classified by their primary mirror magnification m(M1), or convergence ratio ν(M1)=−1/m(M1), and their secondary-mirror chief ray angular magnification μ(M2). This nomenclature is taken from Dietrich Korsch, Reflective optics, Academic Press, 1991, p. 41ff, which is incorporated herein by reference. For the different types of primary mirrors Table I, below, summarizes the different convergence ratio and angular magnification values obtainable.

TABLE I M1 ν(M1) μ(M2) type-a concave ε]1,∞[ <−ε₄ type-b plane, concave ε[−1,1] <−ε₄ type-e convex ε]−∞,−1[ <−ε₄ type-f convex ε]−∞,−1[ ε]ε₄,1 − ε₂[ type-g convex ε]−∞,−1[ ε]1 + ε₃,∞[ The following is true for these systems: ε_(i) > 0 increases with the numerical aperture NA of the system, that is, ε_(i) = 0 → NA = 0. A schematic representation of the system classification as used below is shown in FIG. 1.

The concept of the chief ray angular magnification or angular magnification refers to the tangents of the chief ray (see Korsch, Reflective Optics, incorporated by reference above). A positive angular magnification means that the slopes of the straight lines identifiable with the incident and reflected chief rays to the optical axis have the same sign, that is, that the entrance and exit pupils of the respective mirror lie on the same physical side of the mirror.

As shown in FIG. 1, type-a, type-b and type-e are topologically connected components of the two-dimensional parameter space. Therefore, type-a, type-b, and type-e objectives can be transformed continuously into each other. In contrast, this is not possible between each of the two other classes of the three systems shown in FIG. 1. The class including types-a, -b, and -e, can not be continuously transformed into the type-f class (system) or the type-g class (system). FIG. 1 indicates the forbidden regions F in which, in the case of a finite NA, obscuration of the light beam by the mirror will occur and therefore the objectives will fail to image properly.

The particular topologically-connected component region is determined by μ(M2). The annular field systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,629 and EP 480,617 are type-a systems. Type-b systems provide continuous transition to the type-e system which also include the system known from Donald W. Sweeney et al., 23rd International Symposium of Microlithography. Type-a, type-b, and type-e systems are known in the prior art.

Systems of type-f and type-g are not known from any of the publications referred to above. The systems according to type-f and type-g differ from the systems of U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,629 and EP 480,617 by having a convex primary mirror. The system disclosed in Donald W. Sweeney et al., 23rd International Symposium of Microlithography, loc. cit., has a convex primary mirror but it also has a different angular magnification μ at M2 and thus a different optical path in the system, which does not overcome the prior art problems described above.

Systems of type-f with ν(M1) above approximately −1.5 lead to large chief ray angles on the reticle and to large system diameters. As a result, sensible system design with a concave M1, i.e. ν(M1)≧1, is difficult.

In the following Table II, typical functional data are given for some of the embodiments of the various system categories. The distortion values follow from the magnification correction through the annular field. Objective systems belonging to the individual system classes are shown in FIGS. 2-5.

TABLE II type-f (94) type-g (68) M1 convex convex ν(M1) −2.4 −2.9 μ(M2) 0.6 1.6 NA 0.1 0.1 Red 4x 4x annular field [mm²] 26.0 × 1.0 26.0 × 1.25 mean annular field radius [mm] 25 51 OO¹ [mm] 1368 1112 FWD [mm] 92 62 CRAO [mm] ε[−2.1, −2.0] ε[4.1, 4.2] CRA [mrad] ε[−0.35, −0.50] ε[−0.2, 0.2] max. asph. [μm] 19.6 8.3 AOI max. [deg] 14.1 22.0 ΔAOI max. [deg] ±2.5 ±2.8 WFE max. [λrms] 0.029 0.025 distortion [nmPV] 7 30 Explanation of the abbreviations used in Table II are listed in Table III, below.

TABLE III Meaning M1 form of the primary mirror ν(M1) “conversion ratio” according to Korsch μ(M2) “angular magnification” according to Korsch NA image-side numerical aperture Red reduction factor = −1/imaging scale annular field [mm²] secant length × annular width in the image field mean annular field radius [mm] image field radius in the middle of the annular field OO¹ [mm] object-image distance FWD [mm] optically free working distance on the image side CRAO [deg] chief ray angle in the object space CRA [mrad] chief ray angle in the image space max. asph. [μm] maximum deviation of the asphere from the best fitting sphere with respect to the used region of the mirror AOI max. [deg] maximum angle of incidence ΔAOI max. [deg] variation of the angle of incidence over the mirror WFE max. [λrms] maximum rms wavefront error in units of λ distortion [nmPV] peak-to-peak value over the annular field scale-corrected chief ray distortion Systems with a convex M1, i.e. primary mirror, show a significantly higher asphericity than the type-a designs with a concave M1.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a type-e system from a reticle plane 2, or mask, to a wafer plane 4. The mirror nearest to the wafer is the first mirror M1. Type-e systems have the lowest AOI and ΔAOI on mirrors M1, M2, M3, M4, which favors the polarization-optical properties of the system. However, the high chief ray angles on the reticle plane 2 requires plane reticles. Conversely, type-g systems, as shown in cross-section in FIG. 4, have relatively large AOI and ΔAOI on mirrors M1, M2, M3, M4 with tolerable chief ray angles on the reticle.

As shown in FIG. 3, type-f systems require the largest aspherical elements, but have favorable angular distributions on mirrors M1, M2, M3, M4 and on the reticle 2. The low distortion results in a relatively small image field. Although the constructional length, i.e. the physical length, of the system is larger than in the other systems, the long drift sections within the objective permit the optional use of additional components, such as an alignment system, deflecting mirror, etc. A chief ray CR and an optical axis HA are also shown in FIG. 3.

The type-f and type-g systems, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, can be realized with positive and negative chief ray angles on reticle 2. Thus, an optimal geometry can be selected, especially a comparatively low free working distance to reticle 2, for imaging the light when using a reflection mask. Furthermore, when using a transmission mask, a telecentric beam path can be realized.

The systems of type-a and type-f have relatively long “drift sections” before or within the actual image system. Therefore, it is possible to introduce grazing-incidence mirrors of high reflectivity as correction elements. These correction elements can include Schmidt corrector-type elements or an active optical correction system. Based on known values for molybdenum-coated mirrors, it is theoretically possible to achieve approximately 85% reflectivity of non-polarized incident light of wavelength 13.3 nm incident at an angle of 75°. Due to the grazing incidence of the beam, the illuminated part of the mirror can be made very large in one direction, in comparison to that on the neighboring mirror, which facilitates the design of the correcting elements. Preferably, the individual mirrors are designed in a pair-wise manner with the normals to the surface being almost perpendicular to one another, in order to be able to manipulate the beams in all spatial directions with the same resolution. FIG. 5 shows such a design of type-f with an introduced grazing-incidence mirror GIM.

The parameters of the system according to FIG. 3 in the code V format are given in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Type-f (94) 4 ×/0.10   1.0 mm annular field ELEMENT NUMBER RADIUS THICKNESS DIAMETER TYPE OBJECT INF 0.000 204.000 100.228 217.084 380.421 M1 A(1) −380.421 264.271 REFL. M2 A(2) 380.421 563.054 REFL. 390.422 796.185 APERTURE- 23.764 STOP M3 A(3) −117.968 23.764 REFL. M4 A(4) 117.968 92.608 REFL. 71.790 284.465 89.622 IMAGE IMAGE WIDTH = −192.945 INF. 50.989 Aspherical Constants: $Z = {\frac{({CURV})Y^{2}}{1 + \left( {1 - {\left( {1 + K} \right)({CURV})^{2}Y^{2}}} \right)^{1/2}} + {(A)Y^{4}} + {(B)Y^{6}} + {(C)Y^{8}} + {(D)Y^{10}}}$

Asphere CURV K A B C D A(1) 0.0014137 −4.643893 0.00000E − 00 −6.97355E-15 7.87388E-20 0.00000E + 00 A(2) 0.0011339 −0.232793 0.00000E + 00 −5.35926E-17 3.35875E-23 0.00000E + 00 A(3) 0.0040246  6.006678 0.00000E − 00  3.76117E-13 −1.43488E- 0.00000E + 00 15 A(4) 0.0042162  0.289323 0.00000E + 00  8.76473E-15 −5.59142E- 0.00000E + 00 19 Reference wavelength = 13 nm

Similar to Table 1 above, the constructional data of the type-g system shown in FIG. 4 can be seen in the following Table 2:

TABLE 2 ELEMENT RADIUS THICKNESS DIAMETER TYPE NUMBER OBJECT INF 0.000 413.000 378.925 373.642 474.629 M1 A(1) −474.629 327.612 REFL. M2 A(2) 474.629 600.624 REFL. 206.075 196.627 APERTURE- 28.266 STOP M3 A(3) −136.037 28.266 REFL. M4 A(4) 136.037 141.438 REFL. 115.807 −196.627 155.535 160.000 IMAGE WIDTH = 98.781 IMAGE INF. 103.302 Aspherical Constants CURV K A B C D A(1) 0.0010894 −0.738027 0.00000E+00 3.65218E−16 −1.37411E−20 0.00000E+00 A(2) 0.0012023 0.031851 0.00000E−00 1.38321E−17 −6.58953E−23 0.00000E+00 A(3) 0.0036931 1.579939 0.00000E+00 −1.26703E−13 3.53973E−16 0.00000E+00 A(4) 0.0035917 0.316575 0.00000E+00 3.15592E−15 1.74158E−19 0.00000E+00 Reference 13.0 nm Wavelength

If a grazing incidence, deflecting mirror GIM is introduced between mirrors M1, M2 and M3, M4, then one obtains the structure of type-f shown in FIG. 5. The data for this embodiment can be seen in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Type -f(xx) 4x/0.10 1.0 mm annular field ELEMENT RADIUS THICKNESS DIAMETER TYPE NUMBER OBJECT INF 0.000 204.000 100.000 217.065 380.407 M1 A(1) −380.407 264.287 REFL. M2 A(2) 380.407 563.152 REFL. 390.481 296.123 DECENTER (1) GIM INF −499.995 536.341 REFL. APERTURE 23.757 STOP M3 A(3) 117.968 23.757 REFL. M4 A(4) −117.968 92.614 REFL. 69.580 −284.465 IMAGE WIDTH = 192.994 IMAGE INF. 51.000 Aspherical Constants CURV K A B C D N A(1) 0.0014140 −4.643296 0.00000E+00 −96.99186−15 7.89877E−20 0.00000E−0 A(2) 0.0012023 0.031851 0.00000E−00 1.38321E−17 −6.58953E−23 0.00000E+0 A(3) 0.0012023 1.579939 0.00000E+00 −1.26703E−13 3.5973E−16 0.00000E+0 A(4) −0.0042169 0.289286 0.00000E+00 −8.76770E−15 5.47269E−19 0.00000E+00 DECENTER CONSTANTS DECENTER Deflection Angle ALPHA AM GIM D(1) 75.00000 Degree Wavelength 13 nm

FIG. 6 shows the four-mirror reduction objective of FIG. 3 or 4 with the reticle plane 2 as a transmission mask. Thus, it can be seen from FIG. 6 that the reduction objective is telecentric on the object side in such a configuration. Similarly, FIG. 7 shows the four-mirror reduction objective of FIG. 3 or 4 with the reticle plane 2 as a reflection mask. In such a configuration, a beam splitter may be used, for example, to ensure the reduction objective is also telecentric on the object side.

Thus, the invention provides for a four-mirror reduction objective with an imaging reduction scale of approximately 4× for use in soft X-ray, i.e. EUV and UV, annular field projection applications, such as lithography. The reduction objection achieves the necessary resolution at the required image field and provides a structural design with optical elements of sufficiently mild aspherecity, sufficiently small incident angles for the multilayered optics, and sufficiently large constructional space for the image carriers. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A reduction objective, with an image side and an object side, comprising: a primary multilayer mirror, a secondary multilayer mirror, a tertiary multilayer mirror and a quaternary multilayer mirror in centered arrangement with respect to an optical axis situated between the image side and the object side, wherein the primary mirror is convex and the secondary mirror has positive chief ray angular magnification.
 2. A reduction objective according to claim 1, comprising an aperture stop disposed on or near the primary mirror, the secondary mirror, the tertiary mirror, or the quaternary mirror.
 3. A reduction objective according to claim 1, comprising an aperture stop disposed on or near said tertiary mirror.
 4. A reduction objective according to claim 1, comprising a fifth mirror or a sixth mirror disposed at a grazing incidence.
 5. A reduction objective according to claim 4, wherein said fifth mirror or said sixth mirror has an aspherical surface derived from a planar surface.
 6. A reduction objective according to claim 4, wherein at least said fifth mirror or said sixth mirror is an active mirror.
 7. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the secondary mirror and the quaternary mirror are concave.
 8. A reduction objective according claim 1, wherein the primary mirror, the secondary mirror, the tertiary mirror and the quaternary mirror are shaped in a convex-concave-convex-concave sequence.
 9. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the reduction objective is telecentric on the object side.
 10. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein a chief ray at the object side is directed away from the optical axis.
 11. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the reduction objective is telecentric on the image side.
 12. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the secondary mirror in centered arrangement with the optical axis has a used area in which rays traveling through the objective are impinging the secondary mirror, and wherein a bundle of rays from the object side to the primary mirror is traveling between the used area of the secondary mirror and the optical axis.
 13. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the primary mirror in centered arrangement with the optical axis has a used area in which rays traveling through the objective are impinging the primary mirror, and wherein a bundle of rays reflected from the secondary mirror and impinging the tertiary mirror is traveling between the used area of the primary mirror and the optical axis.
 14. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the primary mirror in centered arrangement with the optical axis has a used area in which rays traveling through the objective are impinging the primary mirror, and wherein a bundle of rays reflected from the secondary mirror and impinging the tertiary mirror is traveling along a light channel such that the used area of the primary mirror is situated between the light channel and the optical axis.
 15. A reduction objective according to claim 1, wherein the chief ray angular magnification on the second mirror is greater than or equal to 0.6.
 16. A projection exposure apparatus including a reduction objective, with an image side and an object side, for annular field scanning operation, comprising: a mask; and a primary multilayer mirror, a secondary multilayer mirror, a tertiary multilayer mirror and a quaternary multilayer mirror in centered arrangement with respect to an optical axis situated between the image side and the object side, wherein the primary mirror is convex and the secondary mirror has a positive chief ray angular magnification.
 17. A projection exposure apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the mask is a reflection mask.
 18. A projection exposure apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the mask is a transmission mask.
 19. A method for integrated circuit fabrication using a projection exposure apparatus including a reduction objective, with an image side and an object side, including the steps of: providing a mask; and providing a primary multilayer mirror, a secondary multilayer mirror, a tertiary multilayer mirror and a quaternary multilayer mirror in centered arrangement with respect to an optical axis situated between the image side and the object side, wherein the primary mirror is convex and the secondary mirror has a positive chief ray angular magnification. 